Bincike da hangen nesa na Motar Lantarki da Kasuwar Caja ta EV a Amurka

Bincike da hangen nesa na Motar Lantarki da Kasuwar Caja ta EV a Amurka
Yayin da annobar ta afka wa masana'antu da dama, abin hawa na lantarki da kuma cajin kayayyakin more rayuwa ya banbanta. Hatta kasuwar Amurka, wacce ba ta yi fice a duniya ba, ta fara hauhawa.
A cikin wani kiyasi na kasuwar motocin lantarki na Amurka a shekarar 2023, shafin yanar gizon fasahar Amurka Techcrunch ya ce dokar rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki (IRA), da gwamnatin Amurka ta zartar a watan Agusta, ta riga ta yi tasiri sosai kan masana'antar motocin lantarki, tare da masu kera motoci suna aiki don motsawa. hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki da masana'antu zuwa Amurka.
Ba kawai Tesla da GM ba, har ma kamfanoni kamar Ford, Nissan, Rivian da Volkswagen, za su amfana.
A cikin 2022, tallace-tallacen motocin lantarki a cikin Amurka sun sami rinjaye da ƙima na ƙima, kamar Tesla's Model S, Model Y da Model 3, Chevrolet's Bolt da Ford's Mustang Mach-E. 2023 zai ga ƙarin sabbin samfura suna fitowa yayin da sabbin masana'antu ke fitowa kan rafi, kuma za su kasance masu araha.
McKinsey ya annabta cewa masu kera motoci na gargajiya da na EV za su samar da sabbin samfura sama da 400 nan da 2023.
Bugu da kari, domin tallafawa aikin samar da ayyukan caji, Amurka ta sanar da cewa za ta shirya kasafin dala biliyan 7.5 a shekarar 2022 don gina tashoshin cajin jama'a 500,000. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta ICCT ta kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2030, bukatar tashar cajin jama'a a Amurka za ta haura miliyan daya.
Kasuwar abin hawa wutar lantarki
Kasuwar abubuwan hawa lantarki ta duniya, gami da Hybrid Electric abin hawa (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric abin hawa (PHEV) da abin hawa batir (BEV), yana ci gaba da hauhawa a cikin matsanancin yanayi na cutar ta COVID-19.
A cewar wani binciken McKinsey (Fischer et al., 2021), duk da koma bayan da aka samu a tallace-tallacen ababen hawa na duniya, 2020 babbar shekara ce don siyar da motocin lantarki, kuma zuwa kashi na uku na waccan shekarar, tallace-tallacen motocin lantarki a duniya ya zarce. matakin pre-COVID-19.
Musamman, tallace-tallace a Turai da China ya karu da kashi 60% da 80% bi da bi a cikin kwata na hudu fiye da kwata na baya, wanda ya tura adadin shigar motocin lantarki a duniya zuwa rikodin mafi girma na 6%. Yayin da Amurka ke bayan sauran yankuna biyu, tallace-tallace na EV ya karu da kusan 200% tsakanin Q2 2020 da Q2 2021, yana ba da gudummawa don cimma ƙimar shigar cikin gida na 3.6% yayin bala'in (duba Hoto 1).

Hoto 1 - Tushen: Nazarin McKinsey (Fischer et al., 2021)
Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari da yadda ake rarraba yanki na rajistar EV a duk faɗin Amurka yana nuna cewa haɓakar karɓar EV bai faru daidai ba a duk yankuna; yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da yawan jama'a da yaɗuwar jama'a a cikin manyan biranen kuma ya bambanta ta jiha, tare da wasu jihohin suna da adadi mafi girma na rajistar EV da ƙimar tallafi (Hoto na 2).

Daya daga waje ya rage California. A cewar Cibiyar Bayanan Madadin Fuels ta Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, rajistar motocin lantarki masu haske a California ta haura zuwa 425,300 a cikin 2020, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 42% na rajistar motocin lantarki na al'umma. Hakan ya ninka fiye da sau bakwai adadin rajista a Florida, wanda ke da na biyu mafi yawan adadin motocin lantarki masu rijista.
Sansanin biyu a cikin kasuwar cajin tashar Amurka
Bayan China da Turai, Amurka ita ce kasa ta uku mafi girma a kasuwar cajar motoci a duniya. Dangane da kididdigar IEA, ya zuwa 2021, akwai sabbin motocin makamashi miliyan 2 a cikin Amurka, caja motocin jama'a 114,000 (tashoshin caji 36,000), da adadin abin hawa na jama'a na 17: 1, tare da jinkirin cajin AC kusan 81 %, ɗan ƙasa da kasuwar Turai.
Ana rarraba cajar US ev ta nau'in zuwa AC jinkirin caji (ciki har da L1 - cajin awa 1 don tafiyar mil 2-5 da L2 - cajin sa'a 1 don tuƙi mil 10-20), da cajin sauri na DC (cajin sa'a 1 don fitar da mil 60). ko fiye). A halin yanzu, AC jinkirin caji L2 yana da kashi 80%, tare da babban mai aiki ChargePoint yana ba da gudummawar 51.5% na kasuwar kasuwa, yayin da cajin gaggawa na DC ya kai 19%, wanda Tesla ke jagoranta tare da kashi 58% na kasuwa.

Source: Hua 'an Securities
Dangane da rahoton Grand View Research, girman kasuwar motocin lantarki na Amurka ya kai dala biliyan 2.85 a cikin 2021 kuma ana tsammanin zai yi girma a ƙimar haɓakar shekara-shekara (CAGR) na 36.9% daga 2022 zuwa 2030.
Wadannan sune manyan kamfanonin cajin motocin lantarki na Amurka.
Tesla
Kamfanin kera motocin lantarki na Tesla ya mallaki kuma yana sarrafa nasa cibiyar sadarwa ta Superchargers. Kamfanin yana da tashoshin caji 1,604 da manyan caja 14,081 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke cikin wuraren jama'a da kuma dillalan Tesla. Ba a buƙatar zama memba, amma yana iyakance ga motocin Tesla sanye take da masu haɗin kai. Tesla na iya amfani da caja SAE ta hanyar adaftar.
Farashin ya bambanta ta wurin wuri da sauran dalilai, amma yawanci $ 0.28 a kowace kWh. Idan farashin ya dogara ne akan lokacin da aka kashe, yana da cents 13 a cikin minti ɗaya ƙasa da 60 kWh da cents 26 a cikin minti ɗaya sama da 60 kWh.
Cibiyar caji ta Tesla yawanci ta ƙunshi manyan caja fiye da 20,000 (caja masu sauri). Yayin da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa na caji suna da haɗuwa da Level 1 (fiye da sa'o'i 8 zuwa cikakken caji), Mataki na 2 (fiye da sa'o'i 4 zuwa cikakken caji) da Level 3 caja masu sauri (kimanin sa'a 1 zuwa cikakken caji), an tsara kayan aikin Tesla don ba da damar masu mallakar. don hawa kan hanya da sauri tare da ɗan ƙaramin caji.
Ana nuna duk tashoshi na Supercharger akan taswirar mu'amala a cikin tsarin kewayawa na kan jirgi na Tesla. Masu amfani za su iya ganin tashoshin a kan hanya, da kuma saurin caji da samuwa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta Supercharger tana ba masu Tesla damar samun mafi kyawun ƙwarewar tafiya ba tare da dogaro da tashoshin caji na ɓangare na uku ba.
Kifta ido
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Blink mallakar Car Charging Group, Inc, wacce ke aiki 3,275 Level 2 da Level 3 caja jama'a a Amurka. Samfurin sabis shine cewa ba kwa buƙatar zama memba don amfani da caja Blink, amma kuna iya adana wasu kuɗi idan kun shiga.
Farashin tushe don caji na Mataki na 2 shine $0.39 zuwa $0.79 akan kowace KWH, ko $0.04 zuwa $0.06 a minti daya. Mataki na 3 caji mai sauri yana kashe $0.49 zuwa $0.69 akan kowace KWH, ko $6.99 zuwa $9.99 akan kowane caji.
ChargePoint
An kafa shi a California, ChargePoint ita ce cibiyar sadarwa mafi girma ta caji a Amurka tare da fiye da maki 68,000 na caji, wanda 1,500 sune na'urorin caji na Level 3 DC. Kashi kaɗan kawai na tashoshin caji na ChargePoint sune Cajin Saurin Mataki na 3 DC.
Wannan yana nufin cewa yawancin tashoshin caji an tsara su don jinkirin caji yayin ranar aiki a wuraren kasuwanci ta amfani da caja Level I da Level II. Wannan ita ce cikakkiyar dabarar don haɓaka ta'aziyyar abokin ciniki don balaguron EV, amma hanyar sadarwar su tana da manyan nakasu don tsaka-tsaki da tafiye-tafiye mai nisa, wanda ke sa da wuya masu EV su dogara gaba ɗaya akan ChargePoint.
Electrify Amurka
Electrify America, mallakar kamfanin kera motoci na Volkswagen, na shirin girka tashoshi 480 na cajin gaggawa a yankuna 17 na manyan biranen jihohi 42 a karshen shekara, inda kowace tasha ba ta da nisan mil 70 daga juna. Ba a buƙatar zama memba, amma akwai rangwamen kuɗi don shiga shirin Pass+ na kamfanin. Ana ƙididdige farashin caji akan kowane minti ɗaya, ya danganta da wuri da matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin abin hawa.
Alal misali, a California, farashin tushe shine $ 0.99 a cikin minti daya don ƙarfin 350 kW, $ 0.69 don 125 kW, $ 0.25 don 75 kW, da $ 1.00 kowace caji. Kudin kowane wata don shirin Pass + shine $ 4.00, da $ 0.70 a minti daya don 350 kW, $ 0.50 a minti daya don 125 kW, da $ 0.18 a minti daya don 75 kW.
EVgo
EVgo , tushen a Tennessee kuma yana kula da fiye da 1,200 DC Caja masu sauri a cikin jihohi 34. Farashin caji mai sauri ya bambanta ta yanki. Alal misali, a yankin Los Angeles na California, farashin $0.27 a minti daya ga wadanda ba mamba ba da $0.23 a minti daya ga membobin. Rijista na buƙatar kuɗin kowane wata na $7.99, amma ya haɗa da mintuna 34 na caji cikin sauri. Ko ta yaya, Level 2 yana cajin $1.50 a kowace awa. Hakanan lura cewa EVgo yana da yarjejeniya tare da Tesla don tashoshin caji mai sauri na EVgo don kasancewa ga masu Tesla.
Volta
Volta, wani kamfani da ke San Francisco wanda ke aiki fiye da tashoshi 700 na caji a cikin jihohi 10, abin da ya fito fili shi ne cajin na'urorin Volta kyauta ne kuma ba a buƙatar membobinsu. Volta ya ba da kuɗaɗen shigar da rukunin caji na Level 2 kusa da dillalai kamar Duk Abinci, Macy's da Saks. Yayin da kamfanin ke biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki, yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar siyar da tallace-tallacen da aka ba da tallafi da aka nuna akan na'urori masu saka idanu akan na'urorin caji. Babban koma baya na Volta shine rashin samar da ababen more rayuwa don caji mai sauri na Level 3.